Category Archives: grotesque

Monsters are not signs of God’s punishment

In search of Custos and Liceti and the representation of monstrosities in general.

A “colonel of the Tartars (des Turqs) and a soldier”, captured in 1595, drawn by Domenicus Custos [1]

Dominicus Custos (1550/60–1612) was a copper engraver in Antwerpen and Augsburg.

Don’t forget to check the rest of [this page].

 

De Monstrorum (1616) – Fortunio Liceti

For the Italian physician Fortunio Liceti, true monstrosity inspired wonder and not horror. He criticized the association of monsters with divine wrath, and pointed out that the word ‘monster’ came from the Latin verb ‘monstrare,’ meaning ‘to show.’ Hence, Liceti argued, monsters were not signs of God’s punishment, but rather, they were creatures to be displayed because of their rarity. —source

In 1616 Liceti published De Monstruorum Natura which marked the beginning of studies into malformations of the embryo. He described various monsters, both real and imaginary, and looks for reasons to explain their appearance. His approach differed from the common European viewpoint of the time, as he regarded monsters not as a divine punishment but rather a fantastical rarety. He also supported the idea of transmission of characteristics from father to son. —Wikipedia

Elephant-headed man from Fortunio Liceti’s De Monstris (1665).

Amorphous Monster (Fortunius Licetus, De Monstris, 1665).

Pope-ass and other monsters from Fortunio Liceti’s De Monstrorum causis natura (1665).

 

 These are some of the many oddities pictured in a treatise simply entitled De Monstris, by Fortunato (or Fortunio) Liceti (1577-1657), an Aristotelian scholar who also published works on hieroglyphics, spontaneous generation and astronomical controversies. —Il Giornale Nuovo

 

For those of you unfamiliar with this masterpiece of the genre:

Old Woman. (The Queen of Tunis). c. 1513. Oil on panel. National Gallery, London, UK

Old Woman. (The Queen of Tunis)., Quentin Matsys, c. 1513. Oil on panel. National Gallery, London, UK

No index

Report obscene mail to your postmaster[1].

To Gershon Legman, what would his blog have been like?

Rationale of the dirty joke: An analysis of sexual humor (1968) – G Legman
[Amazon.com]
[FR] [DE] [UK]

My copy of Gershon Legman’s Rationale of the Dirty Joke arrived in the mail today, I had ordered it somewhat “by accident” after finding out about Neurotica magazine (a magazine Legman was involved with in the 1950s) via Scott McLemee’s new blog Quick Study. My first impressions are: no index (I have a British edition of 1969, but I do not believe it is present in the American edition either) but also no bibliography, of which my version says it is available in the American edition.

One of the first things I check in a non-fiction book is the TOC — I’m always interested in a good ontology — Legman in this case confirms that he essentially relied on the ontological model Freud first set forth in Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious(1905).

I read about 13 pages in this 700+ page book and found it clear and amusing. There were favorable references to Games People Play , Children’s Humor : a Psychological Analysis (1954) by Martha Wolfenstein (who was analyzed by the art historian and lay analyst Ernst Kris) and The Mask of Sanity (1941) by Hervey Cleckley.

Only now do I find out that Taschen and Simon & Schuster have reprinted Rationale. Maybe they have an index?


Simon & Schuster reprint

[Amazon.com] [FR] [DE] [UK]

Links: Freud’s Legacy by Richard Webster.

See also: Our society allows infinite aggressions

Easy access to id material without being overwhelmed by it …

‘Groovy Age of Horror Curt”s third post in a series Horror, High and Low on the merits and theory of genre fiction comes just in time as he is about to delve into the depths of Nazi exploitation fiction in a series he announces as The Nazis Are Coming. Needless to say, I am a bit of a fan of this guilty pleasure genre myself and I am happy that he introduces this chapter (other chapters have included vampires, werewolves, Frankenstein, nurses) with the cautionary words: as long as it firmly remains fantasy.

“I hope this goes without saying, but I’ll say it anyway: I, a hardcore liberal, no more endorse Nazism politically than I, a hardcore atheist/naturalist, endorse belief in the supernatural elements in the horror novels I review here. Nazis are bad for real life, but they obviously resonate powerfully in the imagination as embodiments of evil, sadism, and power. Like so much else, they’re good for fantasy–as long as it firmly remains fantasy. “

The emphasis on fantasy reminds me of the cathartic theories on gruesome fiction and the aestheticization of violence that were en vogue in the sixties and seventies.

Contrary to the cathartic theory, Curt’s current piece recognizes — by way of the theories of Ernst Kris, presumably from Psychoanalytic Explorations in Art (1952) — the possibility of being overwhelmed by id material, of not being able to distinguish the line between fact and fiction. This shines a particular light on media effects studies where for several decades, discussion of popular media was frequently dominated by the debate about ‘media effects’, in particular the link between mediated violence and real-life aggression.

An excerpt:

A more mature critical attitude, one that has made that reconnection, rather manifests a healthy flexibility described by Ernst Kris as,

The capacity of gaining easy access to id material without being overwhelmed by it, of retaining control over the primary process [i.e., while indulging it], and, perhaps specifically, the capability of making rapid or at least appropriately rapid shifts in levels of psychic function . . .

I think this truly positive account of genre fiction is what’s needed to put Jahsonic’s “nobrow” position on its firmest footing. I’m no more interested in Danielle Steele than Jan is, but now we’re in a position to say something about her–at least to the extent that we’re in a position to say something about genre fiction in general. Likewise, when Jan likens exclusively highbrow critics to someone who “only know[s] two colors, let’s say green and blue,” we’re now in a position to complete that metaphor by filling in the blanks of what the other colors represent that are missing from that palette–the warm colors, appropriately enough! —source

On a more personal note, Curt’s post above is the most articulate response so far since I started posting in the nobrow category. Curt’s blog Groovy Age has reinforced my position that one can only come to the nobrow if you know both ‘brows’.

Groovy Age is the only horror blog I read precisely because it knows its way around in ‘high theory’, referencing Freud and Ernst Kris. Fortunately Curt’s high theory does not detract from the sheer fun and excitement that oozes from its pages. I am already on the lookout for his 2008 nunsploitation chapter.

Three immoral tales

A 1833 novel by Petrus Borel: Champavert, contes immoraux

Champavert : Contes immoraux (1833) – Pétrus Borel [Amazon.com] [FR] [DE] [UK]more …

A 1974 film by Walerian Borowczyk. Tagline: “You don’t have to go to a museum to see an X-rated Picasso”.

Immoral Tales (1974) – Walerian Borowczyk [Amazon.com] [FR] [DE] [UK] more …

A 1994 non fiction book Immoral Tales: European Sex & Horror Movies 1956-1984 by Cathal Tohill and Pete Tombs, that won the Bram Stoker Award for Best Non-Fiction. The book covers European Cinema with profiles of Jess Franco, Jean Rollin, José Larraz, José Bénazéraf, Walerian Borowczyk and Alain Robbe-Grillet.


Immoral Tales: Sex And Horror Cinema In Europe 1956-1984 (1994) – Cathal Tohill & Pete Tombs [Amazon.com] [FR] [DE] [UK] more …

Immorality is poised on the brink of good/evil, psychopathology and morality.

To the creator of films as well as other forms of literature, the dark side of human nature has often proved more rich and interesting than the bright. Films and books on the lives of saints have not been as popular as murder mysteries and works of horror. While we may have no desire to experience them in our own lives, terrible deeds and evil people exert their perverse attraction on our psyches. We who consider ourselves moral and upright are often fascinated by the behavior of the pitiless, merciless, and guiltless psychopath. Like a magnificent black panther: powerful, dangerous, and alien, the psychopathic character can have a dark, perfect beauty that simultaneously attracts and repels us. –Gordon Banks [1]

The last quote by Gordon Banks reminds me very much chapter four in Aristotle’s Poetics which explains our attraction to the horrific when fiction is concerned. Why we like things which are painful.

Depending on the translation Aristotle states:

  • Objects which in themselves we view with pain, we delight to contemplate when reproduced with minute fidelity: such as the forms of the most ignoble animals and of dead bodies. –sourced here. [Aug 2005]
  • for we enjoy looking at accurate likenesses of things which are themselves painful to see, obscene beasts, for instance, and corpses. –sourced here. [Aug 2005]

See also: ambivalenceart horrorrepresentation

The Big Night Down The Drain

Die große Nacht im Eimer (“The Big Night Down The Drain”) is an oil painting by Georg Baselitz. It was painted in the years 1962/1963 and hangs today in the Museum Ludwig in Cologne.In October, 1963, the work, as well as the picture “Der nackte Mann”, shown in the west-Berliner gallery Werner & Katz (Baselitz first solo exhibition), was seized by the public prosecutor’s office because of immorality. The criminal proceedings ended in 1965 with the return of the pictures. Here is a photo of the painting.

The history of four-footed beasts and serpents

WilliamDent TumorAlibert Scythian Ruskin2 Ruskin RegDouble RegChild Races Puck pig natter1754 mclean1836 mandrake Licetus1665b Licetus1665 Licetus LepraNigrans Lavater2 Lavater Lamia Lambert human hairy goose Elephant Cyno Cholic Caylus Carlyle Buffon Boruw Birthmarks Bidden Baynes ArcimboldoCooking

The legend to the series of illustrations posted above by Ian McCormick is posted below. Alternatively, you can consult these images at my Flickr account here. The enigmatic Ian McCormick posted the images to his easynet page in the late nineties when I found them. I’ve tried joining McCormick’s Yahoo group, but there doesn’t seem to be anyone there. Does anyone know of the current whereabouts of Ian?

Scythian Lamb

Mandrake from Herbarius (1485).

One-eyed monster from Hartman Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum (1493).

Blemmyae, or headless monster from Hartman Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum (1493).

Long-eared Phanesians from Hartman Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum (1493).

Big-lipped monster from Hartman Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum (1493).

Sciapodes from Hartman Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum (1493).

Goat-people (satyrs) from Hartman Schedel’s Liber Chronicarum (1493).

Monstrous pig of Landseer by Albrecht Durer (1496).

Human Monsters from Gregor Reisch’s Margarita Philosophia (1517).

Cooking from Giuseppe Arcimboldo’s The Genius of Cooking (1569).

Triton and Siren from the Latin edition of Ambroise Pare’s Des Monstres et Prodiges (1582).

Lamia See Topsell’s The History of Four-footed Beasts and Serpents (1607, 1608, 1658).

Biddenden Maids “Pygopagous twins”.

Parastic ectopy; Siamese twins from Johann Schenk’s Monstrorum historia memorabilis (1609).

Cynocephali from Ulisse Aldrovandi’s Monstrorum Historia (1642).

Goose-headed Man from Ulisse Aldrovandi’s Monstrorum Historia (1642).

Hairy Man from John Bulwer’s Anthropometamorphosis: Man Transformed: or the Artificial Changling (1653).

More monsters (Fortunius Licetus, De Monstris, 1665).

Medusa Head Found in an Egg (Fortunius Licetus, De Monstris, 1665).

Elephant-headed man from Fortunio Liceti’s De Monstris (1665).

Amorphous Monster (Fortunius Licetus, De Monstris, 1665).

Bear-headed Roman Senator (Anne-Claude-Philippe, Conte de Caylus, Recueil d’antiquites, 1665)

Pope-ass and other monsters from Fortunio Liceti’s De Monstrorum causis natura (1665).

Sneering Woman (James Parsons, Crounian Lectures on Muscular Motion, 1745).

Black Albino Child (Georges Buffon, L’histoire de l’homme, 1749)

Chimera (Laurent Natter, Traite de la Methode Antique, 1754).

Miniature Count Josef Boruwlaski with his wife Islina and their baby.(18th century).

Large Man Daniel Lambert. (18th century).

The Cutter Cut Up (William Dent, 1790).

Calculating Facial Disproportion (J.C. Lavater, Essays on Physiognomy, 1792).

Birthmarks (J.C. Lavater, Essays on Physiognomy, 1792).

Rage (J.C. Lavater, Essays on Physiognomy, 1792).

The Siamese Brothers (T. M. Baynes, 19th century).

Double Child (Nicolas-Francois Regnault, Descriptions des principales monstruosites, 1808).

Monstrous child with multiple sensory organs (Nicolas-Francois Genault, Descriptions des principales monstruosites, 1808).

Tumor (Jean Louis Alibert, Clinique de l’Hopital Saint-Louis, 1833)

Lepra Nigrans (Jean Louis Alibert, Clinique de l’Hopital Saint-Louis, 1833)

The Cholick (George Cruickshank, 1835).

The Body Politic or the March of the Intellect (T.Mclean, 1836).

Electric Kingdom ‘Postmodern Arcimboldo’. Club Flyer, 13 March 1999.

This post was inspired by Marginalia’s post on Jan Jonston.

Introducing Jules Michelet (1798 – 1874)

This is an updated version of a 2007 post. Hardly anything remains of the original post.

I first came across Jules Michelet by way of Georges Bataille’s Literature and Evil (1957), where Michelet is one of the subjects. This was in the early 2000s, the early days of the internet, when there were still interesting sites and blogs.

Häxan (1922)

In my original post on Michelet, I gave one of the illustrations by Martin van Maële, some of which can be found here[1]. Van Maele, I wrote, is a student from Felicien Rops.

In that post, I also mentioned Jack Stevenson’s book on Häxan which confirms that the director Christensen was influenced by Jules Michelet’s book.

In that post, I mentioned Georges Bataille who said about Michelet was “one of those who spoke most humanely about evil”, a citation that comes from Literature and Evil.

But did I really?

Is it not equally possible that I discovered Michelet via Häxan (1922), said to be the first exploitation film and both based on Malleus Maleficarum (1487) and La sorcière (1862) by Jules Michelet.

Upon researching this in 2021, 14 years after my original post, it has come to my attention that Jules Michelet’s La sorcière, known in English as Satanism and Witchcraft, a Study in Medieval Superstition, is a work of proto-feminism and anti-clericalism. 

Grimacing sculptures

This started out as a post on Gottfried Helnwein but ended up being about Messerschmidt (1736 – 1783).

An unidentified bust by Messerschmidt (1736 – 1783). One can only guess what makes a man in the 18th century make busts like this one. Wikipedia says “at about 1770-72 Messerschmidt began to work on his so-called character heads, obviously connected with certain paranoid ideas and hallucinations from which, at the beginning of the seventies, the master began to suffer.” If anything, this work reminds me of this.

Gottfried Helnwein — a beautiful image here — shares many affinities with the transgressive and hyperrealist work of Ron Mueck, Trevor Brown and Mark Ryden.

Viennese-born Helnwein is part of a tradition going back to the 18th century, to which Messerschmidt’s (another artist of the grotesque) grimacing sculptures belong. One sees, too, the common ground of his works with those of Viennese actionists Hermann Nitsch and Rudolf Schwarzkogler, who display their own bodies in the frame of reference of injury, pain, and death. One can also see this fascination for body language goes back to the expressive gesture in the work of Egon Schiele.

 

And the world will come from your mouth

Dennis Cooper celebrates Alexandro Jodorowsky day.

As always, Dennis spends a considerate amount of time on the artists he celebrates. Here is a list of subtopics:

Jodorowsky is primarily know for directing the midnight movie and cult classic El Topo (1970), a kind of spaghetti western with Buñuelian overtones. Through the Panic Movement he was connected to two other cult figures: Roland Topor and Fernando Arrabal. Most recently Jodorowsky made headlines news by officiating the non-denominational marriage ceremony of rock singer friend Marilyn Manson and burlesque performer Dita Von Teese.

El Topo (1970) – Alexandro Jodorowsky [Amazon.com] [FR] [DE] [UK]

Jodorowsky:

“And I imagine…with great pleasure…all the horrible stirrings of the nonmanifested to bring forth the scream which creates the universe. Maybe one day I’ll see you trembling, and you’ll go into convulsions and grow larger and smaller until your mouth opens and the world will come from your mouth, escaping through the window like a river, and it will flood the city. And then we’ll begin to live.” — A. Jodorowsky, 1971.

L’Ultrameuble (1938) – Kurt Seligmann

L’Ultrameuble (Eng: Ultrafurniture) is a work of surrealist art by Kurt Seligmann. This 1938 sculpture is a three legged stool where the legs are quite literally women’s legs (stockinged mannikins’ legs in high-heel shoes.). It first came to my attention via the excellent German book Sade / Surreal.

Dismembered body parts such as dolls, living plants and speaking body parts belong to the category of the grotesque and the uncanny. Freud wrote an essay on the latter entitled The Uncanny in 1919:

Dismembered limbs, a severed head, a hand cut off at the wrist, as in a fairy tale of [Wilhelm] Hauff’s, feet which dance by themselves, as in the book by [Albrecht] Schaeffer which I mentioned above–all these have something peculiarly uncanny about them, especially when, as in the last instance, they prove capable of independent activity in addition. —The Uncanny (1919) – Sigmund Freud

A picture by Roger Schall of it here. It would make an ideal illustration for my page on independent body parts in fiction.

BTW, does anyone know the location of a the Legs video clip by ZZ Top?

P. S. I think I finally ‘ve been able to track the two writers Freud cites in his essay: Wilhelm Hauff and Albrecht Schaeffer.